The core of this research is a corona dielectric barrier discharge (cDBD) microreactor, a device that produces plasma-activated water (PAW) using solar power. This advanced system modifies the chemical and hormonal conditions necessary for seed development, offering a new way to boost germination rates. Testing revealed that spinach seeds stored for 23 years experienced a remarkable 135% improvement in germination rates after PAW treatment, alongside notable seedling growth enhancements compared to untreated seeds.

The success of this technology lies in the biochemical changes triggered by PAW treatment. The process reduces water pH, increases oxidation-reduction potential, and raises nitrate concentrations, creating an optimal environment for seed germination. Additionally, PAW influences crucial plant hormones such as gibberellins and abscisic acid, effectively breaking seed dormancy and fostering growth. This breakthrough demonstrates how solar-powered plasma generators can restore seed vitality while shedding light on the molecular mechanisms behind seed rejuvenation.

"This solar-powered technology is a significant step forward in sustainable agriculture," said Dr. Xiao. "It provides a low-cost, environmentally friendly method to enhance the germination of aged seeds, which are often discarded due to their diminished viability. By harnessing renewable energy, this innovation addresses critical challenges in food production while reducing waste."

Spinach served as the primary crop model for the study, owing to its economic and nutritional importance. While the research directly applies to spinach seeds, the technology's potential extends to a broad range of crops, offering a valuable resource for global agricultural practices. By prolonging seed viability and minimizing agricultural waste, this plasma-based method supports food security and sustainability amidst growing global pressures.

This advancement exemplifies the synergy between renewable energy and plasma technology in solving urgent agricultural problems. As climate change and resource scarcity continue to threaten global food production, innovative solutions like this one pave the way for sustainable progress. The next phase of research will focus on scaling the technology for wider agricultural applications and refining its operational efficiency.